1. Definition and Types

•Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBBs) are a class of compounds formed by the bromination of biphenyl molecules. There are theoretically 209 possible congeners.

•Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) are another major class of brominated flame retardants, formed by the bromination of diphenyl ether molecules, also resulting in 209 possible congeners. PBDEs primarily existed as three commercial mixtures:

•Deca-BDE: (Decabromodiphenyl ether) - Was the most widely used.

•Octa-BDE: (Octabromodiphenyl ether)

•Penta-BDE: (Pentabromodiphenyl ether)

2. Historical UseBoth PBBs and PBDEs were widely used as flame retardants in similar applications, including:

•Plastic casings of electronic equipment

•Printed circuit boards (PCBs)

•Cables

•Polyurethane foam

3. HazardsBoth groups share similar hazardous properties, characteristic of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs):

•Persistence: They are highly persistent and resist degradation in the natural environment.

•Bioaccumulation: They accumulate in living organisms and biomagnify up the food chain, leading to increasingly higher concentrations.

•Toxicity: Research indicates PBBs can cause damage to the liver, thyroid, and nervous system. They also exhibit endocrine-disrupting properties and have carcinogenic potential. PBDEs pose similar health risks.

4. RoHS Directive RestrictionsUnder the RoHS Directive, the maximum permitted concentration for both PBBs and PBDEs is 0.1% (1000 ppm) by weight in any homogeneous material.5. Primary Reason for Restriction (End-of-Life Management)The main reason for restricting PBBs and PBDEs is not primarily direct consumer exposure during use, but rather their significant environmental impact during the end-of-life stage:

•Landfilling: When waste electronic products containing these substances are landfilled, the flame retardants can leach out, contaminating soil and groundwater.

•Incineration: If e-waste is incinerated improperly, PBBs and PBDEs can form highly toxic dioxins and furans at high temperatures. These toxic substances can then spread through the atmosphere, causing widespread environmental pollution.

•Recycling Difficulties: Plastics containing these hazardous substances have lower recycling value and can contaminate the entire recycled materials stream.

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